MLII-104: Information Communication Technologies – Applications

Course Code: MLII-104

Assignment Code: AST/TMA/Jul.2024-Jan.2025

<style=”text-align:justify”>

1.1 Define the term ‘Database’. Discuss the features and different approaches of database.

Answer: Definition of Database

Ans A database is a structured collection of data that is stored and managed to allow easy access, retrieval, modification, and organization. It serves as a central repository for information, enabling users to store large amounts of data efficiently and retrieve it when needed. Databases are widely used in various applications, including banking, education, healthcare, and business.

Features of a Database

  1. Data Organization – Databases store data in a structured format, typically in tables, making it easier to manage and access.
  2. Data Integrity – Ensures accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data through constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, and validation rules.
  3. Data Security – Provides authentication and authorization mechanisms to protect sensitive information.
  4. Data Redundancy Reduction – Eliminates duplicate data by using normalization techniques.
  5. Data Consistency – Maintains uniformity in stored data across multiple users and transactions.
  6. Multi-user Access – Allows multiple users to access and modify the database simultaneously.
  7. Scalability – Can handle an increasing amount of data efficiently.
  8. Backup and Recovery – Supports data recovery in case of system failure.

Different Approaches to Database

There are various approaches to structuring and managing a database, including:

  1. Traditional File-based Approach
  • Involves storing data in separate files with no relational structure.
  • Data retrieval is slow, and redundancy issues arise.
  • Examples: Text files, spreadsheets.
  1. Hierarchical Database Approach
  • Data is organized in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships.
  • Fast for hierarchical data but not flexible for complex relationships.
  • Example: IBM’s Information Management System (IMS).
  1. Network Database Approach
  • Uses a graph structure where a child can have multiple parents.
  • Provides more flexibility than hierarchical databases.
  • Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS).
  1. Relational Database Approach (RDBMS)
  • Stores data in tables with rows and columns.
  • Uses Structured Query Language (SQL) for data management.
  • Ensures data integrity and eliminates redundancy through normalization.
  • Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database.
  1. Object-Oriented Database Approach
  • Data is represented as objects (similar to object-oriented programming).
  • Useful for applications involving multimedia and complex data relationships.
  • Example: ObjectDB, db4o.
  1. NoSQL Database Approach
  • Designed for handling unstructured and semi-structured data.
  • Scalable and suitable for Big Data applications.
  • Types: Key-Value Stores, Document Stores, Column-Family Stores, and Graph Databases.
  • Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.

2.1 What do you mean by Library Automation? Discuss the advantages of computerised serials control subsystem.

Ans Library automation refers to the use of computer-based systems and software to manage and streamline library operations. It involves automating various library tasks such as cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, serials control, and user management. The goal is to improve efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of library resources. Library automation replaces traditional manual systems with digital tools, enabling libraries to serve users more effectively.

Advantages of Computerized Serials Control Subsystem

A serials control subsystem is a specialized module within a library automation system that manages periodicals, journals, and other serial publications. When computerized, it offers several advantages:

  1. Improved Accuracy
  • Reduces human errors in record-keeping, tracking subscriptions, and renewal dates.
  • Ensures correct bibliographic details and issue tracking.
  1. Efficient Subscription Management
  • Automates subscription renewals, cancellations, and claims for missing issues.
  • Keeps track of vendors, pricing, and payment details.
  1. Enhanced Cataloging and Indexing
  • Provides easy classification and indexing of serial publications.
  • Facilitates search and retrieval of journal articles and back issues.
  1. Timely Notifications and Alerts
  • Sends automated alerts for due renewals, missing issues, and new arrivals.
  • Notifies library staff and users about upcoming publications.
  1. Cost and Time Efficiency
  • Reduces the time required for manual tracking of serials.
  • Minimizes administrative costs associated with physical records and manual filing.
  1. Integration with Other Library Functions
  • Works seamlessly with circulation, acquisitions, and digital archives.
  • Allows users to access serials through online public access catalogs (OPAC).
  1. Better User Services
  • Enables users to check serial availability online.
  • Supports remote access to e-journals and digital subscriptions.
  1. Data Analysis and Reporting
  • Generates reports on serial usage, costs, and trends.
  • Aids in informed decision-making regarding subscriptions and acquisitions.

3.1 What do you mean by digitisation? Discuss what are the major benefits of Digitisation?

Ans Digitisation is the process of converting physical or analog information (such as books, documents, photographs, and audio recordings) into a digital format. This involves scanning, encoding, or using specialized software to create digital copies of content that can be stored, accessed, and shared electronically.

Major Benefits of Digitisation

  1. Easy Access and Retrieval
    • Digital content can be accessed from anywhere using computers, smartphones, or cloud-based systems.
    • Quick search functionality enables users to find information instantly.
  2. Preservation and Longevity
    • Helps protect fragile documents, manuscripts, and rare books from physical deterioration.
    • Reduces wear and tear caused by frequent handling.
  3. Space Efficiency
    • Digital storage takes up significantly less physical space compared to paper-based archives.
    • Libraries, institutions, and businesses can optimize storage costs.
  4. Cost-effectiveness
    • Reduces printing, photocopying, and physical storage expenses.
    • Saves time and resources in managing and distributing information.
  5. Improved Sharing and Collaboration
    • Enables easy sharing of information across multiple locations and users.
    • Facilitates remote work, online learning, and academic research.
  6. Enhanced Security and Backup
    • Digital documents can be protected using encryption, passwords, and access controls.
    • Backup and recovery options prevent data loss due to disasters or damage.
  7. Supports Automation and Integration
    • Digitised data can be integrated with software systems for automation, AI processing, and data analysis.
    • Helps in streamlining workflows in businesses, libraries, and government institutions.
  8. Eco-Friendly Approach
    • Reduces paper consumption, contributing to environmental sustainability.
    • Minimizes carbon footprint by reducing the need for printing and physical transportation of documents.

Digitisation transforms traditional information storage and management into a more efficient, accessible, and sustainable system. It plays a crucial role in education, research, business, and governance by ensuring information is preserved, easily retrievable, and securely stored for future use.

4.1 What do you mean by computer virus? Discuss all three main classes of virus.

Answer:  A computer virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that is designed to spread from one computer to another and interfere with normal computer operations. It attaches itself to legitimate programs or files and can execute harmful activities, such as corrupting or deleting data, slowing down system performance, or allowing unauthorized access to the system.

Three Main Classes of Computer Viruses

Computer viruses are generally classified into three main types:

  1. Boot Sector Virus
  • Definition: This type of virus infects the boot sector of a storage device (e.g., hard drive, USB drive) and activates when the system starts.
  • How It Spreads: It spreads when an infected drive is used to boot a computer.
  • Effects: It can make the system unbootable or corrupt important system files.
  • Example: Michelangelo virus.
  1. File Infector Virus
  • Definition: This virus attaches itself to executable files (.exe, .com) and activates when the infected file is opened.
  • How It Spreads: It spreads when infected files are transferred via email, downloads, or removable media.
  • Effects: It can modify, corrupt, or delete important files and applications.
  • Example: CIH (Chernobyl) virus.
  1. Macro Virus
  • Definition: This type of virus is written in macro programming languages used in applications like Microsoft Word and Excel.
  • How It Spreads: It spreads through infected documents and email attachments.
  • Effects: It can modify, delete, or spread malicious content in documents.
  • Example: Melissa virus.

Computer viruses pose a significant threat to data security and system performance. Understanding the types of viruses can help users take preventive measures such as using antivirus software, avoiding suspicious downloads, and keeping systems updated.

5.1 Write short notes on any two of the following:

a) News filtering services

News filtering services help users customize and refine the news they consume by filtering content based on specific interests, sources, keywords, or relevance. These services use AI, machine learning, and user preferences to deliver personalized news feeds.

Examples of News Filtering Services:

  1. Google News – Provides personalized news recommendations based on user activity and interests.
  2. Feedly – Aggregates news from various sources and allows users to create custom RSS feeds.
  3. Flipboard – Curates news and articles based on user preferences.
  4. Pocket – Saves articles for later reading and suggests relevant content.
  5. Apple News – Offers tailored news content from different publishers.
  6. Microsoft Start – Customizes news based on reading habits.
  7. SmartNews – Uses AI to highlight trending and important news.

b) Search engine

A search engine is a software system designed to help users find information on the internet by indexing and retrieving relevant web pages based on keywords or queries.

How Search Engines Work

  1. Crawling – Search engines use bots (crawlers/spiders) to scan and collect information from web pages.
  2. Indexing – The collected data is stored and organized in a massive database.
  3. Ranking & Retrieval – When a user enters a query, the search engine ranks and retrieves the most relevant results using algorithms.

Popular Search Engines

  1. Google – The most widely used search engine, known for its accuracy and AI-driven results.
  2. Bing – Microsoft’s search engine, offering rewards for usage.
  3. Yahoo! Search – Powered by Bing, with additional features.
  4. DuckDuckGo – Focuses on privacy, does not track user data.
  5. Baidu – The leading search engine in China.
  6. Yandex – Popular in Russia, optimized for the Russian language.
  7. Ecosia – A search engine that plants trees with ad revenue.

c) Web OPAC

A Web OPAC is an online public access catalog that allows users to search and browse a library’s collection via the internet. It serves as a digital interface for libraries, enabling users to find books, journals, multimedia resources, and other materials available in the library.

Key Features of Web OPAC

  1. Search Functionality – Users can search by title, author, subject, ISBN, or keyword.
  2. Advanced Filtering – Allows filtering by format (e.g., books, e-books, audiobooks), publication date, language, etc.
  3. User Account Management – Enables users to log in, check borrowed items, renew books, and place holds.
  4. Library Catalog Integration – Displays real-time availability of materials.
  5. Recommendations & Reviews – Some OPACs provide book recommendations and user reviews.
  6. Interlibrary Loan Requests – Users can request books from other libraries in a network.

Examples of Web OPAC Systems

  1. Koha – An open-source library management system with an OPAC interface.
  2. VuFind – A customizable discovery tool that enhances OPAC functionalities.
  3. Evergreen – A scalable open-source OPAC and library system.
  4. WorldCat – A global catalog connecting users to millions of library resources.

 

</style=”text-align:justify”>