MLII-101: Information Sources, Systems and Services

Assignment Code: AST/TMT/ Jul.2024-Jan.2025

1.1 Categories electronic sources of information and discuss their usefulness in present day context.

Answer:

Categories of Electronic Sources of Information and Their Usefulness in the Present-Day Context

Electronic sources of information refer to digital platforms and resources that provide access to knowledge, data, and research materials. These sources are categorized based on their nature, accessibility, and purpose.

1. Online Databases: These are structured collections of data that provide academic, scientific, business, and industry-related information.
Examples:

  • Scopus
  • Web of Science
  • PubMed
  • IEEE Xplore
  • JSTOR

Usefulness:

  • Provide peer-reviewed and credible sources.
  • Enable advanced search and citation tracking.
  • Support academic research and professional studies.

2. E-Journals and E-Books: Digital versions of traditional books and journals accessible through online platforms.
Examples:

  • Springer
  • Elsevier
  • Taylor & Francis
  • Google Books
  • Project Gutenberg

Usefulness:

  • Instant access to scholarly work and literature.
  • Reduces physical storage issues.
  • Allows remote learning and research.

3. Websites and Portals: Public and private websites that provide information on various topics.
Examples:

  • Government websites (e.g., WHO, IMF, UN)
  • News websites (BBC, The Guardian, The New York Times)
  • Educational portals (Khan Academy, Coursera, EdX)

Usefulness:

  • Provide real-time updates and diverse perspectives.
  • Easy to access and user-friendly.
  • Useful for general knowledge and current affairs.

4. Institutional Repositories: Digital archives maintained by universities and research organizations.
Examples:

  • Shodhganga (India)
  • DSpace
  • SSRN (Social Science Research Network)

Usefulness:

  • Supports open access to academic and research materials.
  • Promotes knowledge sharing.
  • Useful for students, scholars, and policymakers.

5. Digital Libraries: Comprehensive platforms offering vast collections of digital resources.
Examples:

  • National Digital Library of India
  • Europeana
  • HathiTrust Digital Library

Usefulness:

  • Preserve rare and historical documents.
  • Provide accessibility to books, manuscripts, and reports.
  • Promote research and educational inclusivity.

6. Social Media and Blogs: Informal yet influential sources of information and news.
Examples:

  • Twitter (now X)
  • LinkedIn Articles
  • ResearchGate
  • Medium

Usefulness:

  • Allows networking among professionals and academics.
  • Provides quick updates and diverse opinions.
  • Enhances engagement in discussions on various topics.

7. Online Videos and Podcasts: Multimedia platforms offering educational and informative content.
Examples:

  • YouTube
  • TED Talks
  • Spotify Podcasts

Usefulness:

  • Facilitates audio-visual learning.
  • Provides expert insights and discussions.
  • Enhances accessibility for different learning styles.

Electronic sources of information have revolutionized access to knowledge. They offer convenience, vast resources, real-time updates, and improved research efficiency. In the present digital age, these sources play a crucial role in education, business, and professional growth. However, users must evaluate credibility and reliability before relying on any digital content.

2.1 Discuss the objectives, functions and role of an Information System

Answer:

An Information System (IS) is a combination of hardware, software, data, processes, and people that work together to collect, process, store, and distribute information. Organizations use IS to improve efficiency, decision-making, and overall management.

1. Objectives of an Information System

The primary objectives of an information system include:

a. Data Collection and Processing

  • Gather, store, and process large volumes of data efficiently.
  • Automate repetitive tasks to reduce manual work.

b. Decision Support

  • Provide accurate, real-time information for better decision-making.
  • Use data analytics and business intelligence tools to enhance strategic planning.

c. Enhancing Productivity and Efficiency

  • Automate workflows and streamline business operations.
  • Reduce errors and improve task execution.

d. Information Storage and Retrieval

  • Securely store and manage organizational data.
  • Provide quick access to historical and real-time data.

e. Communication and Collaboration

  • Facilitate internal and external communication through emails, messaging, and cloud platforms.
  • Enable remote work and global collaboration.

f. Competitive Advantage

  • Support innovation and market research.
  • Help organizations stay ahead by analyzing customer preferences and industry trends.

2. Functions of an Information System

An IS performs several key functions within an organization:

a. Data Collection and Input

  • Collects data from various sources (users, sensors, transactions, etc.).
  • Inputs data into the system through manual entry or automated processes.

b. Data Processing and Analysis

  • Organizes and processes raw data into meaningful information.
  • Uses algorithms, artificial intelligence, and analytics tools to extract insights.

c. Storage and Management

  • Stores structured and unstructured data in databases.
  • Ensures data security, backup, and recovery.

d. Information Retrieval and Reporting

  • Provides quick access to reports, dashboards, and analytics.
  • Supports decision-making through visualization tools and key performance indicators (KPIs).

e. Control and Security

  • Implements access controls and user authentication.
  • Protects data from cyber threats, unauthorized access, and breaches.

f. Communication and Networking

  • Facilitates sharing of information across departments and organizations.
  • Uses cloud computing, email systems, and enterprise networks for collaboration.

3. Role of an Information System

An Information System plays a vital role in various aspects of business and society:

a. Business and Organizational Management

  • Helps manage financial transactions, supply chains, and customer relationships.
  • Automates operations, reducing costs and improving productivity.

b. Decision-Making Support

  • Provides real-time data to managers for informed decision-making.
  • Uses predictive analytics for future planning and risk assessment.

c. Enhancing Customer Experience

  • Improves customer service through AI-driven chatbots and CRM systems.
  • Personalizes marketing strategies based on customer data.

d. Integration Across Departments

  • Ensures seamless communication between HR, finance, production, and marketing teams.
  • Uses Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems for overall efficiency.

e. Security and Compliance

  • Protects sensitive business and customer information.
  • Ensures compliance with regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, and ISO standards.

f. Supporting Innovation and Research

  • Enables data-driven innovation in fields like AI, automation, and big data.
  • Supports research institutions, healthcare, and scientific advancements.

An Information System is crucial for organizations to manage data efficiently, improve productivity, and make informed decisions. Its role extends beyond business, impacting education, healthcare, governance, and security. With advancements in artificial intelligence and cloud computing, Information Systems continue to evolve, playing a more significant role in digital transformation and competitive advantage.

3.1 Explain different component of mass media as sources of information. Discuss the functions of different categories of persons involved therein.

Answer:

Mass media refers to various communication channels that disseminate information, news, entertainment, and educational content to a large audience. It plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, influencing cultural norms, and providing knowledge. The major components of mass media include:

Components of Mass Media as Sources of Information

a. Print Media

  • Includes newspapers, magazines, journals, books, and brochures.
  • Provides in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and educational materials.
  • Example: The Times of India, The Guardian, Forbes.

b. Broadcast Media

  • Covers television and radio broadcasting.
  • Delivers real-time news, entertainment, and educational programs.
  • Example: BBC News, CNN, All India Radio.

c. Digital Media (Online Media)

  • Includes news websites, blogs, podcasts, social media, and video streaming platforms.
  • Offers instant and interactive access to information.
  • Example: YouTube, Twitter (X), Google News.

d. Outdoor Media (Out-of-Home Media)

  • Billboards, posters, banners, transit ads, and public displays.
  • Used for advertising, awareness campaigns, and public messaging.
  • Example: Political campaigns, public health awareness billboards.

e. Film and Documentary Media

  • Includes movies, short films, and educational documentaries.
  • Used to inform, educate, and influence social perceptions.
  • Example: National Geographic documentaries, Biographical movies.

Functions of Different Categories of Persons Involved in Mass Media

Various professionals contribute to mass media, each playing a unique role in delivering information effectively.

a. Journalists and Reporters

  • Gather, verify, and report news stories.
  • Conduct interviews and investigative journalism.
  • Ensure fact-based, ethical, and timely news delivery.

b. Editors

  • Review and refine content before publication.
  • Ensure accuracy, clarity, and adherence to editorial guidelines.
  • Decide on the relevance and priority of news stories.

c. News Anchors and Presenters

  • Deliver news to the audience via television or radio.
  • Interpret and explain complex news topics.
  • Engage with experts and conduct live discussions.

d. Photojournalists and Videographers

  • Capture visual elements to enhance storytelling.
  • Provide authentic documentation of events.
  • Work in high-risk environments for investigative reporting.

e. Media Technicians and Graphic Designers

  • Handle the technical aspects of broadcasting and publishing.
  • Enhance visuals, graphics, and layouts for better audience engagement.
  • Manage video and audio production for online and broadcast media.

f. Social Media Managers and Digital Content Creators

  • Manage social media accounts and online interactions.
  • Ensure real-time updates and audience engagement.
  • Create digital content such as blogs, videos, and infographics.

g. Advertisers and Public Relations Specialists

  • Develop and manage media campaigns for businesses and organizations.
  • Promote brands, public figures, and causes.
  • Maintain public image through strategic communication.

h. Documentary Filmmakers and Scriptwriters

  • Produce educational and awareness content on various topics.
  • Create compelling narratives that influence social change.
  • Conduct research and interviews for documentary production.

Mass media serves as a powerful source of information, shaping public perceptions and knowledge. Its various components—print, broadcast, digital, outdoor, and film—cater to different audience needs. The professionals involved ensure content accuracy, engagement, and ethical communication, making mass media a vital tool for information dissemination in today’s digital age.

4.1 Who are ‘Information Gatherers’? Describe their types and functions.

Answer:

Information Gatherers: Definition, Types, and Functions

1. Who are Information Gatherers?

Information Gatherers are individuals or entities responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information from various sources. They play a crucial role in journalism, research, intelligence, and business decision-making by ensuring accurate, reliable, and timely data collection.

2. Types of Information Gatherers and Their Functions

a. Journalists and Reporters

  • Collect news and factual information through interviews, investigations, and research.
  • Work in various media formats, including print, digital, and broadcast.
  • Ensure public awareness by reporting on politics, economy, and social issues.

b. Researchers and Academicians

  • Conduct systematic investigations to expand knowledge in science, social sciences, and humanities.
  • Collect data through experiments, field studies, and surveys.
  • Publish findings in journals, books, and conferences.

c. Investigators and Detectives

  • Gather intelligence for law enforcement, private firms, or government agencies.
  • Use surveillance, interviews, and forensic analysis for fact-finding.
  • Work on criminal cases, corporate fraud, or missing persons.

d. Intelligence Analysts and Security Agencies

  • Monitor geopolitical, economic, and security threats.
  • Collect classified information for national security purposes.
  • Analyze patterns in cyber threats, terrorism, and military movements.

e. Market Researchers and Business Analysts

  • Gather consumer insights and market trends through surveys and focus groups.
  • Help businesses make data-driven decisions regarding products and services.
  • Study competitor strategies and customer preferences.

f. Librarians and Archivists

  • Collect, organize, and preserve historical and contemporary information.
  • Assist researchers and students in retrieving relevant data.
  • Manage databases and digital repositories.

g. Social Media Monitors and Digital Analysts

  • Track online trends, discussions, and public sentiments.
  • Analyze digital footprints for marketing, politics, or reputation management.
  • Monitor misinformation and emerging news stories.

h. Scientists and Environmental Observers

  • Gather scientific data on climate change, wildlife, and ecological patterns.
  • Use field research, satellite imaging, and lab tests to assess natural phenomena.
  • Provide reports for policy-making and environmental conservation.

Information gatherers are essential for knowledge creation, decision-making, and maintaining transparency in society. Their roles vary across fields, from journalists uncovering truth to intelligence analysts ensuring security. In the digital age, their work has become more dynamic, integrating traditional and digital data sources for better insights.

5.0 Write short notes on any two of the following:

a. Internet as an aid to information services

b. J-Gate

c. IFLA

d. Cyber media

Answer:

(a) Internet as an Aid to Information Services

The Internet has revolutionized information services by providing instant access to vast amounts of data from various sources. It enables users to retrieve information quickly through search engines, digital libraries, and databases. Key benefits include:

  • Online Databases: Access to research papers, e-books, and academic journals.
  • Digital Libraries: Platforms like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Project MUSE provide scholarly content.
  • E-Government Services: Citizens can access legal, financial, and administrative information online.
  • Remote Access & Cloud Storage: Users can store and retrieve information from anywhere.
    The Internet enhances research, education, and decision-making by making information widely available.

(b) J-Gate

J-Gate is an electronic gateway to global research literature, primarily focused on academic journals. Launched by Informatics India Ltd., it serves as a database for indexing, abstracting, and full-text access to scholarly articles.

  • Covers over 70,000+ journals, including both open-access and subscription-based content.
  • Supports cross-disciplinary research in science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and humanities.
  • Provides customized alerts and search features for researchers and librarians.
    J-Gate is a valuable tool for scholars and institutions seeking up-to-date academic resources.